• Definition of Electrically Assisted Pedal Cycles (EPAC): Provides auxiliary power only when the rider is pedaling. Classified as a "non-motorized vehicle" that does not require a driver's license or insurance (non-compliant models are categorized as L1e-class mopeds).

• Core Parameter Red Lines:

• Motor Power: Maximum continuous rated power ≤ 250W (instantaneous peak power is unrestricted but must decay gradually).

• Assisted Speed: The motor must automatically cut off power output when reaching 25km/h; continuous assistance is prohibited.

• Battery Voltage: DC voltage ≤ 48V; integrated charger input voltage ≤ 230V.

• Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC): Must pass tests to avoid interfering with the rider’s electronic devices (mobile phones, pacemakers, etc.).

• Basic Certification: Must comply with the CE Machinery Directive (2006/42/EC), affixed with the CE mark + 4-digit notified body number.

• New Battery Regulations (Effective 2026):

• Labeling Requirements: Must indicate battery composition, recyclable ratio, and manufacturer information; QR code labeling is mandatory from 2026 onwards.

• Digital Passport: Implementation of a battery digital "passport" system starting in 2027 to record the entire lifecycle information.

• Recycling Responsibility: Manufacturers must assume full battery recycling responsibility and join an EU-recognized Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) scheme.

• Additional Requirements:

• Riding Qualification: Riders under 15 years old are prohibited; those over 15 must complete a two-day training + exam to obtain a special driver's license.

• Mandatory Insurance: Must purchase special liability insurance for e-bikes; uninsured riders will be fined for driving on the road.

• New Battery Regulations (Implemented January 2026):

• Battery Classification: E-bike batteries are classified as LMT-specific batteries and require separate registration.

• Manufacturer Responsibility: Cross-border e-commerce sellers must appoint an authorized representative in Germany, complete product registration with the Bundesamt für Chemie und Biotechnologie (BfC), and provide bankruptcy guarantee.

• Recycling Target: Battery collection rate ≥ 51% by 2028 and ≥ 61% by 2031.

• Safety Configuration: Must turn on front and rear lights when riding at night; helmet use is mandatory when speed ≥ 20km/h.

• Compliance Requirements:

• Mandatory Equipment: Helmets are a required riding accessory; fines apply to non-wearers.

• Speed Limit Enforcement: Non-compliant models (>250W/25km/h) are regulated as mopeds, requiring a driver's license + license plate.

• Incentive Policies:

• Purchase Subsidy: E-bikes are eligible for a maximum 50% purchase price subsidy (capped at €500) + €200 eco-bonus.

• Maintenance Subsidy: Residents can claim €50 per bicycle repair.

• 30 countries including the UK and Italy have adopted EN15194 as a mandatory regulation.

• Spain and the Netherlands require vehicles to be equipped with reflective devices and Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS).

1. Age Restriction: Most member states require riders to be ≥14 years old; Germany and Austria set the minimum age at 15.

2. Behavioral Norms: Reversing, riding on sidewalks, and drunk riding are prohibited, with fines ranging from €50 to €500 for violations.

3. Modification Ban: Unauthorized modification of motor power or removal of speed limits is prohibited; violators will have their vehicles confiscated and face fines.

1. Certification Check: Request the seller to provide CE certification documents, ECE R100 battery certification, and BfC registration number (for the German market).

2. Battery Verification: Check if the battery is marked with LMT classification and QR code; verify the manufacturer’s recycling responsibility statement.

3. Product Manual: Confirm that the "EPAC" classification is indicated, and motor power, voltage, and speed limit parameters are clearly stated and comply with EN15194.

4. Cross-Border Purchase Notes: Choose brands that have appointed an authorized representative within the EU; avoid "three-no products" (no certification, no after-sales service, no manufacturer information).

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